Heath care

Heath care

From 1932 through 1972, the federal government carried on a non-therapeutic experimental treatment on African American men in the South. In the 1930s, federal government public health workers began recruiting black males in the South to receive “free” health care for a “bad blood” disease. The health care workers were studying the symptoms and disease progression of syphilis in these males. Throughout the course of four decades, the federal employees would continually check on these patients, tracking the progression of the syphilis, and never actually offering them any beneficial medication or treatment for the disease. This was especially disconcerting because in the midst of the experiment, the effectiveness of penicillin was well known and the antibiotic was easily accessible and available for distribution. As a result of the non-therapeutic experiment, approximately 100 of the 400 men who were recruited died.

For additional background information and context read (NOT mandatory but encouraged):
• Thomas, Steven & Crouse, Sandra, The Tuskegee Syphilis Study, 1932 to 1972: Implications for HIV Education and AIDS Risk Education Programs in the Black Community, American Journal of Public Health Vol. 81, Issue 11
• Hastings Center Report, When Evil Intrudes, Vol. 22, Issue 6
________________________________________
Now participate in the following discussion:
Using the ethical theories from this week, explain and justify the reasons why the initiation and continuation of the Tuskegee Study both was and was not appropriate.

Procedure entails:
• Reading Introductory Notes to discussion question
• ALSO recommend reading additional articles, though it is not mandatory
• Determine which ethical theories justify the Tuskegee study (i.e. Theory X supports the government’s non-therapeutic program. Theory X states that an action is right if . . . Because the Tuskegee Study resulted in . . . it was an appropriate research experiment
• Determine which ethical theories condemn the study
0 0 0
Assignment B

Cultural Relativism and FGMFemale genital mutilation (FGM), also known as female genital cutting (FGC) and female circumcision (FC) Module 1

Outcome:

By the end of this activity, you will be able to apply ethical theories to both justify and condemn the same health care dilemmas.
________________________________________
Preparation

Cultural relativism holds that there is no single, authoritative set of values and beliefs that should dictate the practice of all other cultures and to which all cultures can be compared. Each culture is its own organic entity, shaped by the evolution of those who lived in that environment. As every human group has recognizable differences, cultural relativism celebrates that diversity, holding that the rightness or wrongness of an action can only be determined based upon the norms and values of the culture to which the individual belongs. These differences are to be respected and not defined as “wrong” because they are different.

Conversely, there is moral realism, which advocates that there are universal norms and standards which apply equally to all individuals, irrespective of your culture. For example, organizations such as the United Nations and World Health Organization characterize basic human rights as such a universal right, one that should be afforded to every individual and requires observance and protection on an international scale.

The World Health Organization has released a statement pertaining directly to such a basic human rights issue. Female genital mutilation (FGM) refers to all procedures which involve the partial or total removal of the female genitalia for non-medical reasons. Forms of FGM can be very graphic and disturbing. It has no known health benefits and can be painful, traumatic, and interfere with your body’s physical functions. The WHO estimates that in 2007 between 100 and 140 million women (actually typically occurring in children ages 0-15) had undergone some form of FGM. Additionally, while this was traditionally a custom only seen in Africa and the Middle East, the changing modern world has brought many immigrant families to North America who wish to still engage in their cultural traditions. Please consult the World Health Organization website for the full report — World Health Organization, Joint Statement on FGM, available at http://www.who.int/reproductive-health/publications/fgm/fgm_statement_2008.pdf
Female Genital Mutilation: Perceptions of Healthcare Professionals and the Perspective of the Migrant Families, BMC Public Health, Vol. 10, (available through the Excelsior Library)
________________________________________
Now participate in the following discussion:
As a primary care physician, you have an immigrant family who has recently requested information concerning FGM from your office, assuming that you will perform such a procedure. What do you do? What would a relativist say? How about a realist? Remember to incorporate the three ethical theories from this Module into your response to support your ultimate conclusions.

Procedure entails:
• Reading Introductory Notes to discussion question
• ALSO recommend reading additional articles, though it is not mandatory
• Determine which ethical theories justify, if any, FGM (hint: there may be certain forms of FGM that you do find justified or appropriate, if this is the case, delineate between which procedures are acceptable and which are not, supported by a discussion of the ethical theories)
• State your conclusions (i.e. As a health care provider I would . . . This action is justified by the ethical theory . . . which is defined as . . . This theory supports my conclusion to . . . because . . . .)
• When stating conclusions, make sure to differentiate (if applicable) between your personal, professional, and cultural values and those of your patient
• For example: Personally, I feel that the procedure should/should not be performed because . . . This conclusions is justified by the ethical theory . . . However, as a health care professional, the procedure should/should not be performed because . . . (as previously indicated, your personal and professional obligations, and the ethical theories which justify them, may be identical; however, there may be differences. Additionally, your conclusions may be identical but the ethical theories upon which you rely may be different. Make sure to explore this issue from all three perspectives.) 0 0 0

 

 
0 0 0
Assignment C

Reading and Analyzing the Hippocratic Oath
Module 2

Outcome:

By the end of this activity, you will be able to relate the eight ethical theories to each of the nine sections of the Hippocratic Oath.
________________________________________
Preparation

The Hippocratic Oath is one of the most well known documents in health care circles. The modern version of the Oath provides for nine pledges during the course of the covenant. When reading these nine sections, identify which are motivated by the ethical theories that have been previously discussed. What ethical theories protect patients and shape duty? What additional protections are given by the Oath?
________________________________________
When reading the Hippocratic Oath the reader should:
• Analyze each one of the nine sections in isolation
• Determine what things are protected by each section (i.e. confidentiality, fiduciary duty of physician to patient, ability of patient to make health care decisions)
• Determine which of the eight ethical theories also strive to protect the values which are the main thrust of each of the nine sections (HINT – more than one ethical theory may apply, be sure to analyze the oath sections under ALL applicable ethical standards)
• Provide conclusions (i.e. the first section deals with confidentiality of the patient information. Maintaining that confidentiality is supported by . . . . insert ethical theory and explain why . . . .)
• 0 0 0
Assignment D
Dax Cowart
Module 2

Outcome:
________________________________________
Preparation
We have recently been talking about the sanctity of human life, cost/benefit analysis as a method of justifying decision making, treating others as you would want to be treated, and an individual’s unalienable rights. In this context, I would like to introduce you to the story of Dax Cowart. Attached is an excerpt from a speech that Dax Cowart did. The story is heart breaking, but it really challenges all the bounds of ethics and health care. Think about the issues Dax discusses, especially in connection with capacity and the right to decline medical treatment (which we will discuss in greater detail later on in the course). These are the stories and circumstances where ethics and health care collide and individuals are forced to make tough decisions.
What would you have done? Would you have honored Dax’s wishes? Would you have believed that his right to refuse medical treatment trumped a medical professional’s decision to treat him and save his life?
________________________________________
Discussion Questions:
• As a health care provider treating Dax, would you have abided by his wishes? What ethical theories would have justified those actions?
• If not, what ethical theories would have justified your choice to disregard what Dax expressed and continue to provide him with life saving treatment?
• Is an individual’s right to refuse medical treatment trumped by a medical professional’s decision to treat Dax and save his life? Should it be? Why or why not? (remembering to use ethical theories in your analysis of the discussion questions, etc.)
• Read short summary of Dax Cowart’s story in Tong book
• Either watch the movie or read the transcript and Hastings Center Report entitled Confronting Death: Who Chooses, Who Controls?
• Go through some of the eight ethical theories we have been discussing: Which of these eight would justify the medical personnel’s decision to continue to treat Dax after he was deemed competent and refused medical treatment? Which of these eight would condemn the medical personnel’s actions and justify Dax’s right to forego lifesaving medical treatment?
• Make sure that the responses are structured so that you are identifying the problem (i.e. Dax Cowart was a competent adult and said that he no longer wanted to receive life saving treatment), specifically naming and defining the ethical theory (i.e. Autonomy and Right’s Based Ethics, defined as . . . , support Dax’s request to not receive treatment because . . . . .)
• Also, use this format when you reach your conclusions (i.e. I believe that/I would have continued to treat Dax because . . . This is justified by the ethical theory . . . because . . . .)
Assignment E
M1D1: Developing Surveys
Module 1 The survey question should be something about homeopathic medicine

By the end of this discussion, you will have demonstrated your ability to:
• Write unbiased survey questions
Now, let’s begin our discussion:
The text refers to many issues that we must be concerned about when conducting a survey. One of the main problems is response bias which is anything in a survey that might influence the responses. For example, surveys conducted by special interest groups may ask questions which are slanted toward their particular interests. These types of questions will cause survey results to be invalid. Therefore, it is important to write survey questions that are as clear and unbiased as possible.
Although survey questions should always be written as unbiased as possible, this discussion activity provides you with the opportunity to write both unbiased and biased questions to demonstrate the difference.
• Choose a topic that interests you and write a survey question. Try to write it very objectively without bias.
• Rewrite the first question to encourage results in one direction.
• Rewrite it again to encourage results in the opposite direction.
When you are ready, please post the three versions of your survey question and tell us why you chose the topic.
Post a thorough response to each question listed above
________________________________________
Assignment F

Module 1: General Discussion
Module 1
o What do you see as current issues/trends that have the potential to affect the way healthcare is delivered in the United States?
o There are many issues, beyond escalating cost so think broadly and identify as many others as you can.
o What is the media (newspapers, television, and radio) saying about current trends?
o Do you think the media portrayal is accurate?
o Why or why not?
• Remember, this is a group discussion. In addition to posting your thoughts and ideas, please read and respond to your classmates.
Each student is expected to post a minimum of two times per week. Your responses should relate to one of the questions above and to the postings of other students. Your responses should not repeat what has already been stated, but rather add to the discussion and integrate the readings.

Assignment G

Module 2: Team A
What are the critical issues facing the health care workforce?
ORDER THIS ESSAY HERE NOW AND GET A DISCOUNT !!!

 

 

You can place an order similar to this with us. You are assured of an authentic custom paper delivered within the given deadline besides our 24/7 customer support all through.

 

[order_calculator]