Justice:

Justice:
The quality of being just; fairness. The principle of moral rightness; equity. Conformity to moral rightness in action or attitude; righteousness. The upholding of what is just, especially fair treatment and due reward in accordance with honor, standards, or law.
Law The administration and procedure of law. Conformity to truth, fact, or sound reason
(http://www.thefreedictionary.com/)
Greek thinker Socrates (469-399 B.C.) asks what the purpose of living with an unjust soul serves; the just life is more important than even external possessions. So on the scale of evil, second is the man who does wrong, but first is the man who does wrong and gets away with it. Socrates concludes with the following (as recorded by his pupil, Plato):
And if he, or any one about whom he cares, does wrong, he ought of his own accord to go where he will immediately be punished; he will run to the judge, as he would to the physician, in order that the disease of injustice may not be rendered chronic and become the incurable cancer of the soul; we must not allow this consequence . . . if our former admissions are to stand:-is there any other inference against them? (From Plato’s dialogue, Gorgias)
In Plato’s Republic, Socrates was then asked about the role of justice in the life of man. Socrates begins another discussion and a conclusion is reached that “it is just to do good to our friends when they are good and harm to our enemies when they are evil” (Five Great Dialogues 232). Socrates does not accept this reasoning as final, and points out that doing harm is far worse than receiving harm, for “doing injustice harms yourself internally” (Kealy). In turn, to harm any person is the act of the unjust, and the just man will not harm another, because by doing so the just man will prove himself the opposite of what he claims to be. This was the first time in European philosophy the idea that a man should not harm others, even his enemies, had been declared. In the first book of The Republic, Socrates receives the argument that men find it easier to fall into the pleasures of the unjust rather than choose the inevitable loss and suffering endured as a result of being good and just. But because the just life is more important than the external pleasures that vice and injustice can yield, loss and suffering is a little price to pay. Better is the poor man with a good, just soul than the rich man who has found his wealth through vice and thus attained a tainted soul.

In philosophy, the concept of a proper proportion between a person’s deserts (what is merited) and the good and bad things that befall or are allotted to him or her. Aristotle’s discussion of the virtue of justice has been the starting point for almost all Western accounts. For him, the key element of justice is treating like cases alike, an idea that has set later thinkers the task of working out which similarities (need, desert, talent) are relevant. Aristotle distinguishes between justice in the distribution of wealth or other goods (distributive justice) and justice in reparation, as, for example, in punishing someone for a wrong he has done (retributive justice). The notion of justice is also essential in that of the just state, a central concept in political philosophy (http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/justice).

Many philosophers, theologians and others define justice as the proper ordering of people and things. Behind the concept of justice lies the notion of balance–that people get what is right, fair and appropriate. Justice also includes the notion of upholding the law, as in the work of police, judges and the court.
The notion of justice appears hardwired into the human mind and heart. Experiments at UCLA in 2008 demonstrate that the human brain responds to a sense of justice in much the same way as it reacts when a person eats chocolate or wins money! All races and religions include a definition of justice in their codes of law and conduct. Justice is, in fact, the glue that holds societies together. Sociologists consider codes of justice one of the principal factors in describing an organized society.
While justice appears to be an innate human tendency, how cultures define justice differs. The ancient Greek philosopher Plato, for example, defined justice as the proper and harmonious relationship between the warring parts of a person or city. A man in his right place and time, working towards the proper goals, was said to be just. This is quite unlike our modern-day perception of one who is just being one who treats people fairly.
Other concepts of justice throughout history include:
Justice as a divine command: Justice commanded by a Deity, as in the Mosaic law of an eye for an eye.
Justice as mutual agreement: Justice as a social contract, or when one person agrees to give up or do something in exchange for something else. This definition includes the notion of being fair and balanced.
Distributive justice: Distributive justice may also be defined as getting what one deserves.

Many, many other philosophers describe codes of justice. Famous philosophers who have tackled this definition include Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, John Rawls, Plato and Socrates, to name only a few (http://reference.yourdictionary.com/word-definitions/Definition-of-Justice.html).
Your essay will follow the Toulmin’s Schema as detailed in Writing Arguments (Chapter 4).
• Your Essays (from now on) MUST include a typed Toulmin’s Schema along with the Essay itself.
• At least SEVEN entries must be cited in Essays 2-4 and must be included in-text, as well as on the Works Cited page.
• A sample Toulmin’s Schema and accompanying essay for Essay #2 can be viewed/printed out/studied (under Content tab).
Dockendorf, Luc. “Socrates.” 1996. Online. 21 Oct. 1999.
Kealy. “Socrates.” 7 Nov 1997. Online. 20 Oct. 1999.
Plato. Five Great Dialogues. Trans. by Benjamin Jowett. Roslyn: Black, 1942.
Plato. “Works by Plato: Gorgias.” Trans. by Benjamin Jowett. The Internet Classics Archive. 1994-1998. Online. 2 Nov 1999.

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