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Writing in 1787, Thomas Jefferson framed the ‘newness’ of America as a break not only from Europe, but from urban life as the dominant social life of the “Old” World. Anticipating Frederick Jackson Turner’s argument for the centrality of the frontier, Jefferson wrote:

“Those who labour in the earth are the chosen people of God, if ever he had a chosen people, whose breasts he has made his peculiar deposit for substantial and genuine virtue. It is the focus in which he keeps alive that sacred fire, which otherwise might escape from the face of the earth.  Corruption of morals in the mass of cultivators is a phaenomenon of which no age nor nation has furnished an example.  It is the mark set on those, who not looking up to heaven, to their own soil and industry, as does the husbandman, for their subsistance, depend for it on the casualties and caprice of customers.  Dependance begets subservience and venality, suffocates the germ of virtue, and prepares fit tools for the designs of ambition.  This, the natural progress and consequence of the arts, has sometimes perhaps been retarded by accidental circumstances: but, generally speaking, the proportion which the aggregate of the other classes of citizens bears in any state to that of its husbandmen, is the proportion of its unsound to its healthy parts, and is a good-enough barometer whereby to measure its degree of corruption.  While we have land to labour then, let us never wish to see our citizens occupied at a work-bench, or twirling a distaff.  Carpenters, masons, smiths, are wanting in husbandry: but, for the general operations of manufacture, let our work-shops remain in Europe.  It is better to carry provisions and materials to workmen there, than bring them to the provisions and materials, and with them their manners and principles.  The loss by the transportation of commodities across the Atlantic will be made up in happiness and permanence of government.  The mobs of great cities add just so much to the support of pure government, as sores do to the strength of the human body.  It is the manners and spirit of a people which preserve a republic in vigour.  A degeneracy in these is a canker which soon eats to the heart of its laws and constitution.” (from Query XIX).

This section of Jefferson’s only published book, Notes on the State of Virginia, is clearly anti-urban, and it is not difficult to read it as the beginning of anti-urban bias in the United States, a nation that stigmatizes the “inner city” and the “ghetto” as sites of difference, crime, and disorder. In about 300 words, reflect on the relationship between Paul Laurence Dunbar’s The Sport of the Gods and its settings. Dunbar’s novel has often been described as the first urban-centered treatment of African-American life. Is Dunbar’s novel a product of American anti-urbanism, or does it resist bias against cities? 

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